Rachel Fulton
Department of History
The University of Chicago
Autumn 2007
SACRAMENT AND LITURGY IN THE MEDIEVAL WEST
Sacrament
stands at the center of Christian experience as both revelatory and obscure, an
obligation and a gift, a rupturing and a making whole. Few modern theories of ritual have been
able to capture this mystery in its entirety; this course seeks to explain why
by concentrating on the history of sacrament and sacramental theology from the
patristic period through the Reformation.
Particular emphasis will be given to the sacraments of baptism and the
eucharist in their liturgical and theological contexts. Sources will include theological
writings from Ambrose, Hugh of St. Victor, Peter Lombard, and Martin Luther, as
well as liturgical commentaries, liturgical formulae, meditations and prayers.
Books Available for Purchase from the Seminary Co-op
Bookstore
Philippe Buc, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts
and Social Scientific Theory (Princeton University Press, 2001) ISBN
0691016046
Nathan D. Mitchell, Liturgy and the Social Sciences
(Liturgical Press, 1999) ISBN
0814625118
Eric Palazzo, A History of Liturgical Books: From the Beginning
to the Thirteenth Century, trans. Madeleine Beaumont (Liturgical Press,
1998) ISBN 081466167X
Peter Cramer, Baptism and Change in the Early Middle Ages c.
200-c.1150 (Cambridge University Press, 2003) ISBN 0521526426
Hugh of Saint Victor, On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith: De
sacramentis, trans. Roy J. Deferrari (Wipf and Stock, 2007) ISBN 1556354479
Guilelmus Durandus, Rationale Officiorum Divinorum: The
Foundational Symbolism of the Early Church, its Structure, Decoration,
Sacraments and Vestments (Fons Vitae, 2007) ISBN 1887752927
Thomas J. Heffernan and E. Ann Matter, The Liturgy of
the Medieval Church (Medieval Institute Publications, 2005) ISBN 1580440916
Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval
Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1992) ISBN 0521438055
RB1980: The Rule of St. Benedict in English, ed. Timothy Horner (Liturgical Press, 1982) ISBN 0814612725
Martin
Luther, Three
Treatises (Augsburg Fortress Press, 1990) ISBN 0800616391
Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, The Spirit of the Liturgy, trans. John
Saward (Ignatius Press, 2000) ISBN 0898707846
Course Requirements
The purpose of this course is to help students
prepare to write a substantial research paper (15-20 pages) on a topic of their
choice. The assigned readings are
therefore geared towards introducing the principal source materials and interpretive
structures for the study of sacrament and liturgy. A number of shorter assignments will be given each week over
the course of the quarter in order to assist in the process of researching the
paper. For students taking the
course as a doctoral seminar, the primary written requirement for this quarter
will be a detailed proposal with bibliography of sources and appropriate
scholarly literature. Grading will
be weighted towards the final paper/proposal (60% of final grade), but
participation in class and performance on the weekly research assignments will
likewise be taken into account.
Reading and Research Assignments
September
26 Ritual, Liturgy, Sacrament
Philippe Buc, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts
and Social Scientific Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001),
pp. 161-261 [BL600 .B76 2001]
Nathan Mitchell, Liturgy and the Social Sciences
(Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1999) [BX1970 .M583 1999]
Gerard Lukken, “Liturgy and Secularization,” in Per visibilia ad
invisibilia: Anthropological, Theological, and Semiotic Studies on the Liturgy
and the Sacraments, eds. Louis van Tongeren and Charles Caspers (Kampen,
The Netherlands: Kok Pharos, 1994), pp. 45-64 [BX2200.L844 1944]
Fenella Cannell, “The Christianity of
Anthropology,” Journal
of the Royal Anthropological Institute n.s. 11.2 (2005): 335-356 [electronic resource]
Joseph Ratzinger, The Spirit of the Liturgy, trans. John
Saward (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2000), pp. 13-50 [BX1970 .R37 2000]
October 3
Baptism
Peter Cramer, Baptism and Change in the Early Middle Ages c.
200-c.1150 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 1-8,
46-220 [BV803.C730 1993]
Ambrose of Milan, On the Mysteries, in Select Documents
of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace,
2nd series, vol. 10: Ambrose: Select Works and Letters (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans,
[1900]), online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf210.iv.v.html
Susan A. Keefe, Water and the Word: Baptism and the Education of
the Clergy in the Carolingian Empire, 2 vols. (Notre Dame: University of
Notre Dame Press, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 1-21, 41-51, 80-99, 116-31 [BR200.K44 2002 v. 1-2]
Le pontifical
romano-germanique du dixième siècle, eds. Cyrille
Vogel and Reinhard Elze, Studi e testi 226, 227, 269 (Vatican: Bibliotheca
apostolica vaticana, 1963-1972), vol. 2: 93-112 [BX2030.A2 1963 v. 1-3]
Martin R. Dudley, “Sacramental Liturgies in the
Middle Ages,” in Thomas J. Heffernan and E. Ann Matter, The Liturgy of the Medieval Church
(Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 2001), pp. 215-43 [BX1973
.L58 2001]
Assignment:
Choose one of the baptismal instructions from Keefe, Water and the Word, vol. 2, and
translate it from the Latin.
October
10 Sacrament and Symbol
Hugh of Saint Victor, On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith: De
sacramentis, book 1, parts 1-3, 6-10, and book 2, part 1, trans. Roy J.
Deferrari (Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1951), pp. 1-61,
93-182, 205-53 [BX2200.H891]
Elizabeth Frances Rogers, Peter Lombard and the Sacramental System
(Merrick, N.Y.: Richwood Publishing, 1976), pp. 78-87 [BX2200.R65 1976]
Gulielmus Durandus, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum: The
Foundational Symbolism of the Early Church, its Structure, Decoration,
Sacraments and Vestments (Fons Vitae, 2007), pp. TBA [Not yet in Regenstein
Collection]
Eric Palazzo, A History of Liturgical Books: From the Beginning
to the Thirteenth Century, trans. Madeleine Beaumont (Collegeville, Minn.:
Liturgical Press, 1998), pp. xxv-xxx, 3-18 [BX1973 .P3513 1998]
Jeanne E. Krochalis and E. Ann Matter, “Manuscripts
of the Liturgy,” in Heffernan and Matter, Liturgy, pp. 433-72
Cyrille Vogel, Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the Sources,
trans. and rev. by W.G. Storey and N.K. Rasmussen (Washington, D.C.: Pastoral
Press, 1986), pp. 1-29 [BX1973.V63 1986]
Assignment:
Find one of the works of the medieval liturgists listed by Vogel, pp. 12-16,
and make a list of its contents.
Compare this list with the items in Le pontifical romano-germanique, vol. 1,
“Eléménts constitutifs”
October 17
Mass
Hugh of St. Victor, On the sacraments, book 2, part 8, pp.
304-15
Rogers, Peter Lombard, pp. 119-50
The Sarum Missal in English, trans. Frederick E. Warren, 2 vols. (London: A.
Moring, 1911), vol. 1, pp. 20-56[BX5143.5.A3 1911 v. 1-2; Special Collections
MSS reading room, on hold]
The Lay Folks Mass Book, ed. Thomas Frederick Simmons, Early English Texts
Society o.s. 71 (London: Oxford University Press, 1879, 1968), pp. 90-117
[PR1119.A2 no.71]
Palazzo, History of Liturgical Books, pp. 19-110
John Harper, The Forms and Orders of Western Liturgy from the
Tenth to the Eighteenth Centuries: A Historical Introduction and Guide for
Students and Musicians (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), pp. 24-42, 109-26
[BV186.5.H370 1991; 3rd floor reference collection]
Richard L. Crocker, An Introduction to Gregorian Chant (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 111-27 [ML3082.C73 2000 including
Audio CD]
Elizabeth Parker McLachlan, “Liturgical Vessels and
Implements,” in Heffernan and Matter, Liturgy, pp. 369-429
Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval
Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 1-11, 35-82 [BV823.R780 1991]
Assignment:
Find a manuscript associated with the celebration of the Mass and describe
it. You may use an actual
manuscript in Regenstein Special Collections, a microfilm, a facsimile edition
or a critical edition. Check
Andrew Hughes, Medieval
Manuscripts for Mass and Office: A Guide to their Organization and Terminology
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982, 1995) [BX1973.H83 1995; 4th
floor reference collection] for sources and structures of these books.
October 24
Divine Office
Palazzo, History of Liturgical Books, pp. 113-72
Crocker, Introduction to Gregorian Chant, pp. 128-47
Harper, Forms and Orders, pp. 73-108
RB1980: The Rule of St. Benedict in Latin and
English with Notes, ed. Timothy Fry (Collegeville,
Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1981) [BX3004.A2 1981]
Rebecca Baltzer, “The Little Office of the Virgin
and Mary’s Role at Paris,” in Margot Fassler and Rebecca Baltzer, eds., The Divine Office
in the Latin Middle Ages: Methodology and Source Studies, Regional
Developments, Hagiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp.
463-84 [ML3080 .D58 2000]
The myroure of Oure Ladye, containing a devotional
treatise on divine service, with a translation of the offices used by the
sisters of the Brigittine Monastery of Sion, at Isleworth, during the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries, ed. John
Henry Blunt, Early English Text Society e.s. 19 (London: N. Trübner, 1873), pp.
1-71 [PR1119.E5 v.19]
Anne Bagnall Yardley, Performing Piety: Musical Culture in
Medieval English Nunneries (New York: Palgrave, 2006), pp. 203-27 [ML3031.2 .Y37 2006]
Jonathan Black, “The Divine Office and Private
Devotion in the Latin West,” in Heffernan and Matter, Liturgy, pp. 45-71
Edmund Bishop, “On the Origins of the Prymer,” in Liturgica
historica: Papers on the Liturgy and Religious Life of the Western Church
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1918), pp. 211-237 [BX1970.B6]
Assignment:
Find a manuscript associated with the performance of the office and describe
it. You may use an actual manuscript
in Regenstein Special Collections, a microfilm, a facsimile edition or a
critical edition. Check Hughes, Medieval
Manuscripts for sources and structure of these books.
October 31
Sanctorale
and Temporale
Palazzo, History of Liturgical Books, pp. 173-240
Abbot Guéranger, The Liturgical Year, trans. Dom Laurence
Shepherd, 15 vols. (Powers Lake, N.D.: Marian House, 1983), 1: 1-19, 9:277-335,
15: 57-92 [BX1970.A3 1983 v. 1-15]
Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints,
trans. William Granger Ryan, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1993), 1: 299-308, 2: 272-80 [BX4654.J3340 1993 v. 1-2]
Ratzinger, Spirit of the Liturgy, pp. 92-111
Stephan Borgehammer, “A Monastic Conception of the
Liturgical Year,” in Heffernan and Matter, Liturgy, pp. 13-44
Harper, Forms and Orders, pp. 45-57
Assignment:
Choose a saint from the Golden Legend and find his or her Mass and/or Office. Compare the texts that you find with
those discussed in Guéranger, Liturgical Year, for your saint. Hint: Go back to the books that you described for October 17 and
24.
November 7
Holy Week
Herman A.P. Schmidt, Hebdomada Sancta, 2 vols. (Rome: Herder,
1956-1957), 2:590-601, 791-796 [BX2010.S34 v. 1-2]
Sarum Missal in English,
trans. Warren, 1:265-90
Rogers, Peter Lombard, pp. 88-104
Hugh of St. Victor, On the sacraments, book 2, part 6, pp.
282-302
O.B. Hardison, Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle
Ages: Essays in the Origin and Early History of Modern Drama (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins, 1965), pp. 109-77 [BX1970.H28]
Richard Kieckhefer, Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from
Byzantium to Berkeley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 10-19,
24-37, 102-114, 135-43 [NA4800.K53 2004]
C. Clifford Flanigan, Kathleen Ashley, and Pamela
Sheingorn, “Liturgy as Social Performance: Expanding the Definitions,” in
Heffernan and Matter, Liturgy, pp. 695-714
Craig Wright, “The Palm Sunday Procession in
Medieval Chartres,” in Fassler and Baltzer, Divine Office, pp. 344-71
Harper, Forms and Orders, pp. 139-52
Yardley, Performing Piety, pp. 113-58
Assignment:
Visit a church in Chicago that you have not been to before, preferably during a
service. Describe the experience.
November 14
Penance and Death
Rogers, Peter Lombard, pp. 151-223
Hugh of St. Victor, On the sacraments, pp. 401-51
Jacobus, Golden Legend, trans. Ryan, 2:280-90
Frederick S. Paxton, Christianizing Death: The Creation of a
Ritual Process in Early Medieval Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1990), pp. 162-200 [GT3242.P390 1990]
Paul Binski, Medieval Death: Ritual and Representation
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), pp. 29-69 [BT825.B4740 1996]
Roger Wieck, “The Death Desired: Books of Hours and
the Medieval Funeral,” in Death and Dying in the Middle Ages, eds. Edelgard E. DuBruck and
Barbara I. Gusick (New York: Peter Lang, 1999), pp. 431-476 [HQ1073.D395 1999]
Michael S. Driscoll, “The Seven Psalms of
Penitence: Their Designation and Usage from the Middle Ages Onwards,” Ecclesia Orans
17.2 (2000): 153-201 [BX1970.A1E25]
Thomas Tentler, Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), pp. 3-53 [BV840.T3]
Assignment:
Short proposal (1-2 pages) for your final paper, with bibliography of sources
and scholarship (1-2 pages).
November 21 Magic, Heresy and Parody
Robert Mathiesen, “A Thirteenth-Century Ritual to
Attain the Beatific Vision from the Sworn Book of Honorius of Thebes,” in Claire
Fanger, ed., Conjuring
Spirits: Texts and Traditions of Medieval Ritual Magic (University Park,
Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), pp. 143-62 [BF1593 .C66 1998]
Richard Kieckhefer, “The Devil’s Contemplatives:
The Liber
Iuratus, the Liber
Visionum and Christian Appropriations of Jewish Occultism,” in Fanger, Conjuring Spirits,
pp. 250-65
Liber iuratus, or The Sworne Booke of Honorius, ed. Joseph H. Petersen, online at Esoteric
Archives http://www.esotericarchives.com/juratus/juratus.htm
Martha Bayless, Parody in the Middle Ages: The Latin Tradition
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 338-53 [PA8030.P35 B39
1996]
Walter L. Wakefield and Austin P. Evans, Heresies of the
High Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), pp. 465-94
[BT1315.2.W320 1991]
Rubin, Corpus Christi, pp. 319-46
Assignment: TBA
November 28 The Spirit of the Liturgy
Martin Luther, “The Babylonian Captivity of the
Church,” in Three
Treatises (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1947), pp. 123-260 [BR331.5.E5
1947]
Ann Astell, Eating Beauty: The Eucharist and the Spiritual Arts
of the Middle Ages (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006), pp. 26-61,
227-53 [BV823 .A77 2006]
Ratzinger, Spirit of the Liturgy, pp. 115-224
Assignment: TBA